12 Documentaries on the Hundred Years' War
A Deep Dive into History
The Hundred Years' War, a prolonged conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453, profoundly shaped European history. Spanning over a century, this series of battles and political maneuvers saw the rise and fall of leaders, the devastating impact of war on societies, and the evolution of medieval warfare.
Documentaries offer a window into this turbulent period, bringing to life the events and personalities that defined the Hundred Years' War. From detailed battle analyses to explorations of chivalry and betrayal, these films provide valuable insights into an era marked by intense rivalry and momentous change.
1) The Battle of Agincourt: Triumph Against Odds
The Battle of Agincourt, fought on October 25, 1415, stands as one of England's most iconic military victories. King Henry V led a significantly outnumbered English army against the larger French forces.
The English troops, despite being weary and hungry, were well-strategized and utilized the longbow to devastating effect. This weapon was instrumental in their success.
The muddy terrain also played a crucial role. The heavily armored French knights struggled in these conditions, making them vulnerable targets for the English archers.
King Henry V's leadership and tactical decisions turned what seemed like a dire situation into a remarkable triumph. For those interested in a visual exploration of this historical event, the documentary "The Battle of Agincourt: Triumph Against the Odds" (2020) provides an insightful look External link.
2) Joan of Arc: The Warrior Maid
Joan of Arc stands as one of the most iconic figures of the Hundred Years' War. Her role as a military leader and her defiance of societal norms make her story compelling.
"Joan of Arc: The Maid of Orléans" (2024) explores Joan's journey, from her divine visions to leading the French against the English. This documentary highlights her impact on French morale and military tactics. More info
The documentary "Joan of Arc - Maid of Orleans" (2021) provides an in-depth look at how she led the French army. This film delves into her strategic decisions and the eventual setbacks she faced. More info
"Joan of Arc: Warrior Maid, Symbol of Courage" (2022) focuses on her bravery and unconventional tactics. It illustrates her pivotal role in the Siege of Orléans and subsequent battles. More info
Lastly, "The History Files - Joan of Arc - Soldier Saint" (2019) takes viewers through her life, from humble beginnings to sainthood. This documentary offers a balanced view of her military and religious significance. More info
3) The Rise and Fall of Burgundy
The documentary "The Rise and Fall of Burgundy" examines the pivotal role of the Duchy of Burgundy in the Hundred Years' War. Burgundy once represented a powerful and influential player, aligning with both English and French factions at different times to serve its interests.
During the conflict, Burgundian leaders, particularly Duke Philip the Good, wielded considerable influence. He initially aligned with the English under Henry V, significantly impacting France's political landscape.
Burgundy's strategic alliances with various factions kept it a central power, leveraging these relationships to expand its territory and wealth. However, as the war progressed, changing allegiances and internal strife ultimately weakened Burgundy's position.
By the end of the war, Burgundy had lost much of its influence and territory, unable to maintain its former status amidst the complex political machinations of the period. The fate of Burgundy serves as a compelling study in the fluctuations of power and alliances during this prolonged conflict.
More about the documentary can be found on IMDb (2013).
4) Edward III's Long Arm
Edward III's strategic prowess marked significant episodes in the Hundred Years' War. The documentary "The Hundred Years' War: Chivalry and Betrayal" (2013) explores how Edward III upended traditional medieval combat. His innovative tactics at the Battle of Crécy demonstrated the effective use of low-born archers against French knights, showcasing his aptitude for adapting warfare to his advantage. Watch on PBS America.
"King Edward III: The Start of the Hundred Years' War" (Year Unknown) delves into Edward's early campaigns against France. By examining battles such as those at Crécy and Poitiers, this documentary highlights his relentless campaigns and strategic foresight. Edward's military reforms played a pivotal role in shaping the conflict's early stages. Watch on YouTube.
Another insightful watch is "The Battle of Crécy, 26 August 1346" (Year Unknown), which offers a deep dive into the first major English victory under Edward III. This film analyzes the tactical innovations that led to this landmark triumph and explores the king's leadership qualities. Read more on The Past.
5) Henry V’s Continental Campaigns
Henry V's continental campaigns were a crucial phase of the Hundred Years' War. After ascending to the throne in 1413, Henry V renewed hostilities with France, seeking to reassert English claims to the French crown.
In 1415, Henry launched his famous invasion of France, starting with the Siege of Harfleur. Despite heavy losses from disease, Henry’s troops seized the port, establishing a critical foothold.
Following Harfleur, Henry V led his army to a decisive victory at the Battle of Agincourt. Outnumbered and exhausted, the English forces used innovative tactics to crush the French army, capturing numerous French nobles.
Henry's campaigns continued with the Treaty of Troyes in 1420. This agreement recognized Henry as the heir to the French throne and secured his marriage to Catherine of Valois, daughter of the French King Charles VI.
Henry V’s campaigns in France were marked by strategic brilliance and considerable success. His efforts temporarily united the crowns of England and France under his rule, highlighting his military prowess and ambition.
To learn more about these campaigns, the 1944 film "Henry V" by Laurence Olivier offers a dramatized portrayal of these significant events. IMDb
6) Treaty of Troyes: A Turning Point
The Treaty of Troyes, signed on May 21, 1420, marked a significant moment in the Hundred Years' War. It was orchestrated by King Henry V of England, at the peak of his military success in France.
The treaty stipulated that Henry V and his heirs would inherit the French throne upon the death of King Charles VI. This agreement aimed to unite the crowns of England and France under a single monarch.
The political landscape of Europe was drastically altered by this treaty. The English ambitions in France seemed closer to reality than ever before, challenging the established order.
For a documentary exploration of this pivotal moment, "The Treaty of Troyes: Triumph and Tragedy in the Hundred Years' War" is highly recommended. It delves into the complex dynamics and implications of this historic agreement.
While the Treaty of Troyes appeared to favor English interests, it failed to secure lasting peace. The death of Henry V, followed shortly by Charles VI, reignited conflicts that would continue to shape European history.
This period is also examined in the documentary series "Chivalry and Betrayal: The Hundred Years' War" (2013), which provides broader context to the treaty's impact on medieval chivalry and politics.
For more information on the Treaty of Troyes, you can visit the Wikipedia page.
For further information on "Chivalry and Betrayal: The Hundred Years' War" (2013), check its IMDB page.
7) The Siege of Orléans: A Decisive Victory
The Siege of Orléans, which occurred from October 1428 to May 1429, marked a pivotal moment in the Hundred Years' War. This event notably featured the remarkable intervention of Joan of Arc, an event that significantly influenced the course of the conflict. Her presence reinvigorated the French forces, ultimately leading to their successful repulsion of the English siege.
During this critical period, the city of Orléans was under intense pressure from an English army led by the formidable Earl of Salisbury. The English aimed to consolidate their control over France, exploiting their earlier successes in the war. However, the siege's outcome dramatically shifted due to the motivation and strategic advantage provided by Joan of Arc's leadership.
As the French forces, buoyed by Joan's arrival, began to reclaim territories, the tide of the war turned in their favor. The English were forced to retreat, diminishing their dominance and instilling new hope in the French campaign. This victory at Orléans invigorated French nationalistic sentiment and morale, serving as a turning point in the Hundred Years' War.
The documentary covering this decisive event highlights the resilience and strategic prowess of the French forces, as well as the inspiring role played by Joan of Arc. It offers an insightful exploration of how singular moments and individuals can alter the course of history.
For more information, you can watch the documentary "The Siege of Orléans" (2019) IMDB.
8) Philip the Good: Duke of Burgundy
Philip the Good ruled as the Duke of Burgundy from 1419 until 1467. Born in Dijon in 1396, he was a member of a cadet line of the Valois dynasty. His reign marked a period of significant prosperity and influence for the Burgundian State.
Under Philip's leadership, Burgundy became one of the most powerful regions in Europe. His territories extended to include parts of modern-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. Philip was known for his political acumen and strategic marriages, which strengthened his alliances.
Philip also played a notable role in the Armagnac-Burgundian Civil War, which was a conflict between the House of Orléans and the House of Burgundy. The war began in 1407 and continued until 1435, overlapping with the Hundred Years' War. Philip's faction ultimately gained significant power.
He was also a prominent patron of the arts. His court became a center of culture and learning, attracting artists, writers, and intellectuals. The period saw the creation of remarkable works of art and literature, reflecting the duke's sophisticated tastes.
Philip's influence extended beyond his lifetime, shaping the cultural and political landscape of Europe. His legacy is evident in the continued prominence of the Burgundian territories and the arts. More on Philip the Good can be found here.
9) The Battle of Poitiers: A Stunning Defeat
The Battle of Poitiers, fought on September 19, 1356, stands as one of the most significant confrontations in the Hundred Years' War. Commanded by King John II of France, the French army faced a strategic and devastating defeat against the Anglo-Gascon forces led by Edward, the Black Prince.
Approximately 14,000 to 16,000 French soldiers engaged in the battle against a smaller force of about 6,000 Anglo-Gascons. Despite their numerical superiority, the French forces were outmaneuvered. The English defensive tactics played a key role in their victory. The French cavalry charges were effectively thwarted by English archers and well-placed defensive positions.
King John II of France was captured during this battle, a major blow to French morale and a pivotal moment in the Hundred Years' War. His capture led to considerable political turmoil in France. The Treaty of Brétigny was later signed, aiming to bring temporary peace to the warring nations.
For a more detailed exploration of this event, the documentary series "The Battle of Poitiers, 1356: The Capture of a King" offers an in-depth look at the tactics and outcomes of this engagement. Released in [year], it provides valuable insights into the strategies employed and the broader implications on the war. Learn More
10) The War of Breton Succession
The War of Breton Succession (1341-1365) was a significant conflict for control over the Duchy of Brittany. It was a part of the broader Hundred Years' War between England and France.
Edward III of England supported John of Montfort, the male heir. Conversely, Philip VI of France backed Charles of Blois, who had a claim through his wife.
The war saw several notable battles and sieges. One of the most prominent was the Siege of Hennebont, where John of Montfort's wife, Joan of Flanders, played a crucial role in the defense.
The Battle of Auray in 1364 marked a decisive English victory, ensuring the recognition of John IV as Duke of Brittany. This conflict is essential to understanding the larger dynamics of the Hundred Years' War.
Fans of historical documentaries can uncover more about this pivotal conflict through resources like Wikipedia.
11) Black Monday: The Rout of 1360
Black Monday is the name given to a devastating event on April 13, 1360, when a freak hailstorm struck English troops during the Hundred Years' War.
The storm occurred near Chartres, France, while the English army was preparing for battle against the French.
The hailstorm was severe, with reports of hailstones killing over 1,000 English soldiers and 6,000 horses.
The unexpected tragedy had a significant impact on the course of the war. King Edward III of England interpreted the devastating storm as a divine sign.
As a result, he quickly pursued peace with the French, leading to the Treaty of Brétigny in May 1360, which temporarily ended hostilities between the two nations.
The documentary explores the historical context of Black Monday, shedding light on how the atmospheric phenomenon influenced medieval warfare and diplomacy.
It examines contemporary accounts and decisions that followed this catastrophic natural event.
12) The Battle of Castillon: The End
The Battle of Castillon, fought on July 17, 1453, marked a decisive end to the Hundred Years' War. This battle took place near the town of Castillon-sur-Dordogne in Gascony, a region in southwestern France.
The English forces, led by John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, faced the French army commanded by Jean Bureau. Known for his role in the Siege of Orléans, Talbot was a seasoned military leader.
Despite his experience, Talbot and his troops suffered a devastating defeat. The well-prepared French artillery played a crucial role in their victory.
This battle underscored the growing importance of gunpowder and cannons in warfare. It shifted the balance of power in favor of the French, leading to the end of English territorial claims in France.
The documentary "Battle of Castillon 1453 - End of English France" (2023) provides an in-depth look into this confrontation. It details the strategies and technological advancements that shaped the outcome.
For further reading, refer to the Battle of Castillon on Wikipedia.
Historical Context
The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) was a protracted series of conflicts between England and France over territorial disputes and claims to the French throne. Key battles such as Crécy and Agincourt, and key figures including Edward III and Joan of Arc, played pivotal roles in shaping the course of this war.
Origins of the Conflict
The origins of the Hundred Years' War can be traced back to a complex web of territorial and dynastic disputes. Edward III of England claimed the French throne through his mother, Isabella of France, despite the Salic law preventing inheritance through the female line.
This, coupled with longstanding hostilities stemming from previous conflicts, set the stage for war. The death of Charles IV of France in 1328 further complicated matters as it left the French crown without a direct male heir, paving the way for Edward III's claim.
England's control over the Duchy of Aquitaine also contributed to escalating tensions. The French kings sought to assert greater control over this resource-rich region, leading to frequent skirmishes and deeper conflicts. These multifaceted origins culminated in a century-long struggle for dominance.
Key Battles and Events
Several pivotal battles marked the course of the Hundred Years' War. The Battle of Crécy (1346) saw English longbowmen decimate French cavalry, highlighting the effectiveness of new military tactics. The Battle of Poitiers (1356) further demonstrated English prowess, where they captured the French King John II.
The Battle of Agincourt (1415) became legendary for the outnumbered English forces' victory led by Henry V. The siege of Orléans (1428-1429) marked a turning point, primarily due to Joan of Arc’s inspiring leadership, which revitalized French morale and led to significant French victories.
The war concluded with the Battle of Castillon (1453), where French forces decisively defeated the English. This battle effectively ended English ambitions in France and led to the eventual conclusion of hostilities, significantly impacting the future of both nations.
Major Figures Involved
Edward III of England initiated the war with his claim to the French throne. His son, the Black Prince, gained fame for his military successes, particularly at Poitiers. Henry V of England continued these campaigns with notable victories such as Agincourt.
On the French side, Charles V and Charles VII played crucial roles in defending and eventually reclaiming French territory. Under Charles VII’s reign, the unlikely heroine Joan of Arc emerged, rallying French forces at a critical juncture and leading them to remarkable victories.
These leaders and their actions significantly influenced the conflict's duration and outcomes, leaving a lasting legacy on European history.
Impact on European History
The Hundred Years' War significantly altered the political landscape and social and economic conditions in Europe. The following sections will delve into these transformations in more detail.
Political Repercussions
The conflict between England and France led to the rise of nationalism in both countries. As power became more centralized, monarchies grew stronger and more influential.
France: With the conclusion of the war, the French crown gained control over previously contested territories. This consolidation of power allowed the monarchy to implement centralized governance more effectively.
England: The war left England in a precarious state, with severe financial strain contributing to social unrest. The loss of territory in France also marked the decline of feudal military structures.
Emerging Nation-States: The war's end facilitated the shift toward modern nation-states. Both countries saw the decline of feudal nobility's power, leading to more uniform national identities.
Social and Economic Effects
The prolonged conflict caused widespread devastation, impacting both the population and the economy.
Population Decline: The war had a staggering human cost, with an estimated death toll ranging between 1.5 to 3.5 million. This massive loss of life resulted in labor shortages and diminished agricultural output.
Economic Challenges: Both countries faced economic hardship. England, in particular, grappled with near bankruptcy. This financial strain led to increased taxation and social unrest, laying the groundwork for future civil conflicts, such as the Wars of the Roses.
Technological Advancements: Despite the destruction, the period saw significant advancements in military technology, including the use of longbows and cannons. These innovations changed the nature of warfare and hastened the decline of medieval knightly combat.
Trade Disruptions: Continuous battles disrupted trade routes and markets, negatively affecting urban centers. However, the rebuilding phase post-war eventually led to economic resurgence in some regions, setting the stage for the Renaissance.
Documentary Filmmaking Techniques
Documentary filmmaking techniques employ various methods to engage viewers, convey authenticity, and create impactful storytelling. Understanding these techniques is key to crafting compelling documentaries.
Narrative Strategies
Documentarians often use structured narrative strategies to guide the viewer through complex stories. This can involve chronological storytelling, where events are presented in the order they occurred.
Alternatively, some filmmakers opt for a non-linear approach, weaving past and present together to provide a more dynamic understanding of the subject.
Interviews with experts and witnesses play a crucial role, offering personal insights and authoritative commentary. By combining these methods, documentarians can create a cohesive narrative that maintains viewer engagement and provides depth.
Use of Archival Footage
Archival footage is another cornerstone of documentary filmmaking, providing visual evidence and enhancing the story’s realism.
Old photographs, newsreels, and historical documents can be seamlessly integrated to revive past events and contexts.
The Ken Burns effect, a technique of panning over still images, is frequently used to add movement and emotion to photographs.
Clearing rights and ensuring proper documentation is critical when using archival material to avoid legal issues and maintain credibility. Successful use of archival footage enriches the narrative, offering viewers a more immersive historical experience.
