Mrs. America: The Real Women Who Fought For and Against the ERA
A Historical Look at the Equal Rights Amendment Battle
The 1970s witnessed a fierce battle over women's rights in America, centered on the proposed Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). This constitutional amendment aimed to guarantee equal legal rights regardless of sex. On one side stood prominent feminist leaders like Gloria Steinem and Betty Friedan, pushing for ratification. Opposing them was conservative activist Phyllis Schlafly, who mobilized a grassroots movement against the ERA.
The fight over the ERA became a defining moment in American politics, pitting different visions of women's roles and societal values against each other. Supporters argued the amendment would enshrine gender equality in law, while opponents claimed it would erode traditional family structures. The debate sparked passionate activism on both sides, with rallies, lobbying efforts, and media campaigns.
This pivotal chapter in women's history is dramatized in the 2020 miniseries "Mrs. America," starring Cate Blanchett as Schlafly. The show offers a fictionalized but insightful look at the real women who shaped this contentious period, exploring their motivations, strategies, and the wider cultural impact of their actions. It highlights how the ERA battle influenced political realignment and the rise of the modern conservative movement in the United States.
Historical Context of the Equal Rights Amendment
The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) has a long history dating back to 1923 when it was first introduced to Congress. Initially proposed by suffragist Alice Paul, the amendment aimed to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex.
For decades, the ERA remained largely dormant in Congress. It wasn't until the rise of the feminist movement in the 1960s that momentum for the amendment began to build again.
In 1971, the ERA was reintroduced to Congress. It quickly gained support and was approved by the House of Representatives on October 12, 1971. The Senate followed suit, passing the amendment in March 1972.
The proposed text of the ERA was simple yet powerful:
"Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex."
After Congressional approval, the amendment was sent to the states for ratification. To become part of the Constitution, it needed approval from 38 states within seven years.
The ERA initially enjoyed strong bipartisan support. By 1977, 35 states had ratified the amendment. However, a powerful opposition movement emerged, led by conservative activist Phyllis Schlafly.
The ratification deadline passed in 1979 without the necessary 38 states. Despite an extension to 1982, the ERA fell short of ratification, sparking ongoing debates about women's rights and constitutional equality.
The Drama 'Mrs. America' Synopsis
'Mrs. America' is a captivating miniseries that aired on FX on Hulu in 2020. The show explores the intense political battle surrounding the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) in the 1970s.
At the center of the story is Phyllis Schlafly, portrayed by Cate Blanchett. Schlafly leads a conservative movement against the ERA, believing it threatens traditional family values.
On the other side, prominent feminists fight for the amendment's ratification. Rose Byrne plays Gloria Steinem, while Uzo Aduba takes on the role of Shirley Chisholm.
The series presents both perspectives of the ERA debate. It showcases the strategies, personal struggles, and political maneuvering of key figures involved.
'Mrs. America' delves into the complexities of the women's rights movement. It highlights the divisions within feminist groups and the unexpected alliances that formed during this pivotal time.
The show's narrative spans several years, depicting the changing political landscape. It offers a nuanced look at how the ERA battle shaped American politics and society.
Through its stellar cast and compelling storytelling, 'Mrs. America' brings this historical moment to life. It offers viewers a chance to understand the roots of debates that continue to this day.
Biographical Overview of Phyllis Schlafly
Phyllis Schlafly was a prominent conservative activist and anti-feminist who played a significant role in American politics during the latter half of the 20th century. Her influence shaped conservative ideology and opposition to the Equal Rights Amendment.
Rise to National Prominence
Phyllis Stewart Schlafly was born on August 15, 1924, in St. Louis, Missouri. She graduated from Washington University and later earned a law degree. Schlafly's political career began in the 1950s when she became involved with the Republican Party.
In 1964, Schlafly published her book "A Choice Not An Echo," which criticized the Republican establishment. The book sold over three million copies and catapulted her to national prominence.
Schlafly founded the Eagle Forum in 1972, a conservative interest group that advocated for traditional family values and opposed feminism.
Opposition to the ERA and 'Stop ERA' Campaign
Schlafly's most notable campaign was her opposition to the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). She launched the "Stop ERA" movement in 1972, arguing that the amendment would eliminate protections for women and undermine traditional family structures.
Her tactics included mobilizing homemakers and conservative women across the country. Schlafly famously sent homemade quiches to senators who supported the ERA, with notes stating "Real Men Do Not Draft Women."
The campaign was successful, and the ERA failed to be ratified by the required number of states before its 1982 deadline.
Later Years and Legacy
Schlafly remained active in conservative politics throughout her life. She continued to write books and give speeches opposing feminism and promoting conservative values.
She endorsed Donald Trump for president in 2016, shortly before her death on September 5, 2016, at the age of 92.
Schlafly's legacy is complex. Supporters credit her with preserving traditional family values, while critics argue she impeded women's rights progress. Her influence on the conservative movement and Republican Party remains significant.
Key Figures in the Fight for the ERA
The Equal Rights Amendment battle saw passionate advocates on both sides. Several prominent women emerged as leaders, using their platforms to champion women's equality and push for ratification.
Gloria Steinem and the Women's Liberation
Gloria Steinem became an iconic face of the women's movement in the 1970s. As a journalist and activist, she co-founded Ms. magazine, providing a powerful voice for feminist issues. Steinem tirelessly campaigned for the ERA, viewing it as crucial for women's legal equality.
She traveled the country giving speeches and organizing rallies to build support. Her eloquent writing and media savvy helped bring feminist ideas to a mainstream audience. Steinem worked to unite diverse women's groups behind the ERA cause.
Her efforts extended beyond the amendment to advocate for reproductive rights, workplace equality, and ending gender-based violence. Steinem's influence helped shape the modern feminist movement.
Shirley Chisholm's Political Endeavors
Shirley Chisholm broke barriers as the first Black woman elected to Congress in 1968. She used her political position to advocate for women's rights and the ERA. In 1972, Chisholm made history again as the first Black candidate to seek a major party's presidential nomination.
Her campaign slogan "Unbought and Unbossed" reflected her independent spirit. Chisholm spoke out forcefully for the ERA in Congress and on the campaign trail. She highlighted how the amendment would benefit women of color and working-class women.
Chisholm's pioneering candidacy inspired future generations of women in politics. Her advocacy helped connect the civil rights and women's movements.
Bella Abzug and Women's Political Representation
Bella Abzug, known for her colorful hats and bold personality, served in Congress from 1971 to 1977. She was a fierce champion of women's rights and the ERA. Abzug co-founded the National Women's Political Caucus to increase women's political power.
She introduced the ERA in Congress and fought for its passage. Abzug argued that women's equality required both legal protections and political representation. Her confrontational style and sharp wit made her a formidable advocate.
Abzug pushed to expand women's roles beyond traditional "women's issues." She worked on foreign policy, environmental protection, and government transparency. Her activism helped pave the way for more women to enter politics.
Betty Friedan and the National Organization for Women
Betty Friedan's 1963 book "The Feminine Mystique" is credited with sparking the second wave of American feminism. In 1966, she co-founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) to fight for women's equality. NOW became a major force in the push for ERA ratification.
Friedan served as NOW's first president, making the ERA a top priority. She organized marches, lobbied politicians, and wrote influential articles supporting the amendment. Friedan worked to build a broad coalition of women's groups behind the ERA.
Her activism helped transform the amendment from a fringe idea to a mainstream cause. Friedan's efforts were crucial in getting the ERA passed by Congress in 1972.
Cultural and Legal Milestones
The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) fight sparked significant cultural shifts in 1970s America. Women's roles in society became a hot-button issue, challenging traditional gender norms.
The ERA debate coincided with other pivotal movements. Gay rights gained momentum, with the first Pride parades held in 1970. This period saw increased visibility for LGBTQ+ issues.
Abortion rights took center stage with the landmark Roe v. Wade decision in 1973. This Supreme Court ruling legalized abortion nationwide, fueling intense debates on reproductive rights.
Workplace dynamics evolved as sexual harassment became recognized as a serious issue. The term was coined in 1975, leading to new policies and legal protections for employees.
Key legislation passed during this era:
Title IX (1972): Prohibited sex discrimination in education
Equal Credit Opportunity Act (1974): Ensured fair access to credit regardless of gender
Pregnancy Discrimination Act (1978): Protected pregnant women from workplace discrimination
These milestones reflected broader societal changes. Women entered the workforce in greater numbers, challenging traditional family structures. The concept of gender equality gained traction in public discourse.
Media representation shifted, with more diverse portrayals of women on television and in film. This both reflected and influenced changing attitudes towards women's roles in society.
Impact of Conservatism on American Society
Conservative ideology significantly shaped American politics and culture in the latter half of the 20th century. Think tanks, political figures, and grassroots movements played crucial roles in advancing conservative principles and policies.
Role of the Conservative Think Tanks
Conservative think tanks emerged as influential forces in shaping public policy debates. The American Enterprise Institute, founded in 1938, became a leading voice for free-market economics and limited government. These organizations produced research and policy proposals that informed conservative politicians and policymakers.
Think tanks like the Heritage Foundation, established in 1973, provided intellectual ammunition for conservative causes. They advocated for lower taxes, deregulation, and strong national defense. Their work helped translate conservative ideas into actionable policy proposals.
Reagan Era and its Influence
Ronald Reagan's presidency marked a turning point for conservatism in America. His election in 1980 ushered in an era of conservative governance that lasted for decades. Reagan championed tax cuts, deregulation, and a hawkish foreign policy.
The Reagan administration's policies reshaped the economic landscape. Supply-side economics, often called "Reaganomics," became a cornerstone of conservative economic thinking. Reagan's emphasis on traditional values also resonated with many Americans.
His presidency solidified the Republican Party's alignment with conservative principles. This shift had lasting effects on American politics and policy debates.
Barry Goldwater's Legacy
Barry Goldwater, though unsuccessful in his 1964 presidential bid, laid the groundwork for modern conservatism. His campaign energized a new generation of conservative activists and thinkers. Goldwater's emphasis on limited government and individual liberty became key tenets of the conservative movement.
His book "The Conscience of a Conservative" articulated core conservative principles. It inspired future conservative leaders and helped shape the movement's ideology. Goldwater's influence extended beyond his political career, as his ideas continued to resonate with conservatives for decades.
Media Representation and Influence
Television and media played a crucial role in shaping public opinion about the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) debate. The portrayal of key figures and events influenced how Americans perceived the movement and its opponents.
Television's Role in Shaping Public Opinion
Television brought the ERA debate into American homes. News coverage highlighted rallies, speeches, and legislative battles. Talk shows featured prominent activists from both sides, giving viewers a personal connection to the issues.
Political advertisements aired, swaying voters' opinions on the amendment. Documentaries explored the complexities of women's rights and societal changes. These media portrayals often emphasized dramatic moments and charismatic personalities, sometimes oversimplifying the nuanced political arguments.
Mrs. America's Cultural Significance
The FX series "Mrs. America" reignited interest in the ERA fight decades later. It dramatized the conflict between Phyllis Schlafly and feminist leaders, bringing historical figures to life for a new generation.
The show sparked discussions about women's roles, political activism, and the ongoing relevance of the ERA. It highlighted the complexities of American politics and the power of grassroots movements. "Mrs. America" also prompted reflection on how media representation shapes historical narratives and public understanding of political issues.
Modern Reflections on the ERA Movement
The Equal Rights Amendment continues to spark debate and activism decades after its initial proposal. Recent efforts have reignited discussions about gender equality and constitutional protections for women's rights.
Women's Activism in the 21st Century
The Women's March in 2017 marked a resurgence of large-scale women's activism. Millions gathered in Washington D.C. and cities across the U.S. to advocate for women's rights and social justice.
This event reinvigorated interest in the ERA. Activists leveraged social media and grassroots organizing to raise awareness about gender inequality.
Several states renewed efforts to ratify the ERA. Nevada approved it in 2017, followed by Illinois in 2018.
In 2020, Virginia became the 38th state to ratify the amendment, reaching the threshold required for constitutional amendments.
Contemporary Views on ERA Ratification
The ERA's legal status remains contested. Some argue the ratification deadline has expired, while supporters contend Congress can extend or remove the deadline.
Democratic Party leaders have generally supported ERA ratification. They view it as essential for ensuring gender equality under the law.
The National Federation of Republican Women has historically opposed the ERA, citing concerns about potential unintended consequences.
Many see the ERA as necessary to address ongoing issues like pay inequality and gender-based discrimination. Critics argue existing laws already provide sufficient protections.
The National Women's Political Caucus continues to advocate for the ERA's adoption, emphasizing its importance for future generations of women.
Social Issues and Political Engagement
The ERA battle highlighted deep social divides in 1970s America. Supporters saw it as essential for women's equality, while opponents feared it would disrupt traditional family structures.
Immigration emerged as a contentious issue. Some anti-ERA activists linked their cause to broader concerns about changing demographics and cultural shifts.
Arms control agreements became a key foreign policy topic. Both pro and anti-ERA factions had differing views on how nuclear disarmament efforts might impact national security.
The Rockefeller Republicans, a moderate GOP faction, often found themselves at odds with more conservative elements over social issues like the ERA.
Some religious organizations, such as the Cardinal Mindszenty Foundation, actively opposed the ERA. They viewed it as a threat to Christian values and family life.
ERA debates also intersected with discussions on economic policy, workplace discrimination, and women's roles in society. These complex issues shaped political engagement across party lines.
Activists on both sides employed grassroots organizing tactics. They held rallies, lobbied legislators, and used media campaigns to sway public opinion on the amendment.
